Liberty and Nation

Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Adaptations of the Original Book

Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Adaptations of the Original Book Basics of Compare and Contrast Essay Paper One of the most common types of essays that students meet during the learning process is comparison and contrast essay. Like any other types of essay, compare and contrast essay has some rules and instructions for writing. By following these instructions, anyone can write a quality essay without much difficulty. So, the main features of this type of essay are: Clarity and structure; The presence of two objects of comparison within the same category; Clearing of similar and opposite features of compared objects; Logical narration; A detached judgment of an anonymous author about the objects of comparison. To write the correct comparison and contrast essay, one must organize the workflow and follow this algorithm: Determine the nature of the essay: comparison, contrasts, or both. Set a goal to help write a logical compare and contrast essay example. Select comparison objects on which the essay will be based. For the essay to be logically justified, it is necessary to choose objects from one category, time segment or sphere of functioning. Write a clear thesis that will determine the nature of the future essay. Compose an outline of a future compare and contrast essay sample. This stage will help to structure the essay, as well as highlight the basic thoughts and ideas that need to be revealed in the essay. To use words and phrases typical for this type of essay, such as: on the contrary, on the other hand, however, otherwise, whereas, still, as well as, both, like, in common with, likewise, also, and yet. Follow the rules of the correlation of form and content when writing an essay, for competent disclosure of the topic of work. The Sample of Compare and Contrast Essay ‘Solaris’ Since the beginning of the era of literary adaptation critics and readers all over the world argue whether screen version of popular books may become an alternative to reading. These claims especially concern books that were made into a film several times and, as a result, the variety of interpretations has appeared. One example is Stanislaw Lem’s novel â€Å"Solaris† written in 1961, which has two most famous adaptations by Andrei Tarkovsky, and by Steven Soderbergh. The comparison of these adaptations illustrates how different directors understand the author’s main idea presented in the novel, and how the difference between the ways of adaptation affects the viewers’ perception of â€Å"Solaris† in both cases. The first thing that catches the eye when comparing the film version and the original book is accordance between the content of the film and the book on which the film was shot. In the case of Solaris, one can note the predominance of free interpretation of Lem’s idea both in the film adaptation by Andrei Tarkovsky and by Steven Soderbergh. Thus, in the film adaptation by Andrei Tarkovsky, the primary emphasis was placed on the moral aspect of the novel, which, in turn, almost negated the sci-fi character of Stanislaw Lem’s novel. Lem himself was extremely surprised by Tarkovsky’s interpretation and recognized it instead not as a screen version of his book, but as an original independent work. At the same time, the other novel details, such as a plotline, and the names of characters, remained almost unchanged in the film adaptation by Tarkovsky. The director used in his script virtually authentic replicas from Lem’s â€Å"Solaris,† which allowed him to create a film version that was as close as possible to the original in content. On the other hand, despite the apparent predominance of sci-fi themes in the film adaptation of Steven Soderbergh, the director made some deviations from the original, which, in turn, led to the change in the general nature of his work. For example, Soderbergh changed some character names like Rheyas instead of Harey, as well as created additional turns of the plot that were not in Le Solars Solaris as killing Snaut with his double, Rheyas pregnancy, Kelvin and Rheyas return to Earth. Thus, the film adaptation of Soderbergh is significantly different from Lem’s original intention but retains the plotline presented in the novel. The second peculiarity that should be made clear when comparing a literary work and its film adaptation is the embodiment of the original message of the author to the reader. Therefore, the critics have to decide whether the director succeeded in transmitting it without modification. It can be said that both Tarkovsky’s and Soderbergh’s film versions just partially correspond to the message laid by Lem in his novel. Thus, one of the main Lem’ ideas described in Solaris is the idea of establishing contact with another mind to which a person aspires, but often mistakenly searches for it not in another person, but the extraterrestrial civilizations. In the film adaptation by Tarkovsky, this idea stands like a leitmotif, embedded in the mouth of Academician Snaut: Man needs a man. At the same time, Tarkovsky deepens the subject of a person’s moral and ethical choice, raising the question of the human conscience. This motive presents Lem’s novel too. How ever, the author gives it much less attention than Tarkovsky. On the other hand, in Steven Soderberghs film adaptation, the idea of contact is represented rather weakly, giving way to the problem of human relations and mutual forgiveness. The plot of the film develops mainly on Earth, the main characters reflect on their past and try to find answers to questions that remained unresolved earlier. Moreover, the interpretation of Soderbergh significantly deviates from the original Lem’s intention. It can be assumed that the director focused his attention precisely on the aspect of human relations and transferred the action to Earth to evoke sympathy from the viewer and to make Lems story closer to a wide audience. Thus, the film adaptations made by Andrei Tarkovsky and Steven Soderbergh differ significantly from each other, despite the general plot underlying their adaptations. While Tarkovsky seeks to preserve the general mood of Lem’s novel and to focus the viewers attention on the moral and ethical problems of the story, Soderbergh creates a film that is most adapted to the modern viewer, exposing the central issues of human relationships. It can be said that both of the screen versions are not an exact retelling of Stanislaw Lem’s Solaris, but rather the independent works based on the existing plot. A comparison of the book and the two existing screen versions shows the significant role played by the directors’ personalities, their understanding of the original Lem’s idea, and the final purpose of their screen version of Stanislaw Lem’s novel â€Å"Solaris.† Post-writing Tips The above compare and contrast essay example can be used to familiarize oneself with the practical application of the norms and rules for writing a comparison and contrasting essay. This Ã' ompare and contrast essay sample includes both a comparison and an opposition, which often happens in this type of essay. The example shows the main elements of the form and content typical for this type of essay. First, it should be noted that the above-presented essay has a clear structure, due to the main purpose of the essay. The essay begins with an introduction, which is 15% of the total length of the work. The introduction tells the readers what the essay will be about, giving a general assessment of the problem revealed in the essay. The thesis, placed at the end of the introduction, reflects the key idea of the entire essay and is the link between the introduction and the main part of the work. The thesis is one of the most important parts of the work; therefore, when writing one, it is necessary to formulate a thought or problem that needs to be revealed in an essay. In the process of writing the introduction, one should avoid appeals, rhetorical questions or introducing quotations, since this part of the work, just like the conclusions, must be generalized. Second, the main part of the essay covers the topic indicated in the thesis and is subordinated to a certain structure. Thus, the comparison and opposition of objects are conventionally divided into two stages. The latter, in turn, consists of two paragraphs each. Such structuring of the work allows building a logical narration, as well as consistently providing examples and revealing the theme of the essay. Nevertheless, there are different schemes for constructing the main part of the essay, which the writer can choose depending on the offline essay and its main theme. The central condition is the logical presentation of the material and the structure of the type of the essay. The essay ends with conclusions that summarize the main points disclosed in the essay and confirm that the topic outlined in the thesis was disclosed during the writing of the work. The conclusions do not contain any new information but are summing up and combining the main ideas presented in the essay. Since in the above example the basic norms and rules regarding the structure and content of the comparison and comparison essay are observed, I hope that this work will be useful to students and writers when working on this type of essay, as well as help to understand the issues that may arise in the process of work.

Coca Cola Company and its Product Modifying Method to meet FDA Essay

Coca Cola Company and its Product Modifying Method to meet FDA standards - Essay Example With consumers worldwide becoming more and more cautious and watchful about their health, they are choosing to eat healthy and preferably live a healthy life. This follows the fact that deadly diseases such as cancer are on the rise and experts point out that these diseases are befalling most people due to their eating habits. This aspect has seen many companies including Coca Cola seek specific ways of modifying their products in order to meet the speculations set herein by special food governing bodies, which include but not limited to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Research findings posit that Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo Inc. are currently changing the procedures followed in making some of their products such as the caramel coloring commonly used in the sodas (50). This comes following the implementation of the Californian law that forces all products that contain a particular level of carcinogens should always come with a label of cancer warning. Ideally, this enforcement comes along with some consequences since very few people would risk purchasing a product that can cause cancer unto their lives. The company’s SWOT Analysis describes all the facts regarding what it intends to have its products free of any speculations. Web, http://www.google.co.ke/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a& sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1024&bih=610&tbm=isch&tbnid=dg5-NnM39-yN4M:&imgrefurl=http://tommytoy.typepad.com/tommy-toy-pbt-consultin/branding/page/2/&docid=HIy0iWonP0H8YM&imgurl=http://tommytoy.typepad.com/.a/6a0133f3a4072c970b0167630ab61e970b-500wi&w=375&h=274&ei=vSInUf-fKsjN4QSt-YHADg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,i:219&iact=rc&dur=214&sig=100064067000265222398&page=3&tbnh=186&tbnw=255&start=33&ndsp=18&tx=145&ty=39 Currently, Coca Cola is undergoing a series of transformations specifically in the production of its products with the aim of ensuring it meets the set standards provided by the FDA. The company is now looking into the details of most of its recipes in order to ensure that it produces beverages that are in line with the recommendations and regulations of FDA. Given that research findings opine caffeine as well as tannin mixtures with cancer related causes, people are taking a step forward towards doing away with products said to have such ingredients in t heir contents (59). Change of such consumer market has seen most companies head towards the verge of losing a large market base. However, in order to ensure continued profitability, Coca Cola which happens to be one of the world’s largest producer and distributor of beverage products resolve to come into terms with the FDA standards which require companies to observe health regulations and recommendations. On March 7, 2012, Coca Cola Company asserted that its use of caramel coloring in preparing its drinks has always resolved to put into consideration the necessary requirements and thus is safe. Douglas Karas, FDA spokesperson stated that FDA is working round the clock and ensuring that companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi provide their consumers with quality beverages that pose no challenge to the users. According to Beverage Digest, one of the most active industry trackers, PepsiCo and Coca Cola hold the largest percentage (90%) of beverage productions manufacturing. As such, analysts claim that they can pose the most immense crisis if at any one point ended up consuming products that have high levels of carcinogens (66). This indicates that

Textual Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Textual Evidence - Essay Example Ethnocentrism, also popularly referred to as the anthropological concept of cultural relativism does not imply that everything is equal, but is means that we must try to understand the behaviors of other people in the context of their culture before they are judged. Ethnocentrism is basically the belief that one thing which may be a nation, an ethnic group or culture as being superior compared to others. It is evident from the article that the mindset of Benjamin Franklin mirrors the ethnocentric attitude. The statement of Native Americans is purely ethnocentric on its own since Benjamin finds the Native Americans to be savages due to the fact that their manners differ significantly from those of the European race which Benjamin in his own words terms as â€Å"the perfection of civility† (1). The fact that it is general knowledge that manners are a cultural custom which has been found to differ from one group to another makes terming one’s way of doing things as the â⠂¬Å"perfection of civility† when compared to the custom of other cultures as being

Core concept needed to be an effective youth worker Essay

Core concept needed to be an effective youth worker - Essay Example These organizations also look for sponsors to finance various projects. However, the most significant requirement is probably that of trainers and facilitators, who directly interact with the youth. The youth workers who work for various government and non-government organizations can instinctively follow certain moral principles and also take the help of formal training in order to develop the core competencies required for this mission. The core competencies needed to be an effective youth worker are many and varied since motivating and managing the youth is a challenging job. The entry-level youth development workers require domain knowledge, analytical skills and positive attitude. In addition to that they must have enormous level of patience as most of the times they will find themselves working actually on the mindsets of the target audience than anything else. The youth workers should be able to understand how a person evolves through the various stages of life and what kind of evolution takes place before, during and after the adolescence. They should have the fundamental knowledge of youth development programs and the processes associated with that. They should be able to apply this basic knowledge taking into consideration the contemporary trends and issues that influence youth development. These workers should be able to develop and facilitate age appropriate activities for the group. The activities should be engaging and the participants should be able relate these activities to their lives. The objective of the youth developmental work is to enable the youth to take decisions that add to the social, economic, political and ecological well-being of the community. To attain this objective, the workers have to develop effective programs. Once these programs are executed it is also required to follow up the programs in order to check the progress and bring amendments wherever necessary making sure that the goals and objectives of the programs are achieved. Again, for ensuring the success of these programs it is important to develop strategies for evaluating the effect and outcome of these programs. Workers involved in the youth development projects undertaken by the government organizations, voluntary organizations, trusts and public bodies must have the core competencies that are necessary to promote effective leadership, decision-making and implementation skills among the youth. Those organizing the youth development programs should think of more and more activities related to youth leadership development. Apart from summing up the basic leadership qualities, the youth should be provided mock leadership experience through participatory activities, which will enable the participants to understand the challenges of leadership role. These organizations should hire facilitators, faculty and agents who would be able to build a rapport with the youth and would be able to communicate the objectives of the programs. For this they need to be concerned about and interested in the feelings, the inadequacies and the ambitions of the youth. The facilitators should be good listeners who can listen with empathy and objectivity and without being judgmental. They can start with sharing the various problems that face the youth, for example, they can talk about job opportunities to the unemployed youth. But for that they need to be aware of suitable job

Substance Abuse Prevention Program

Substance Abuse Prevention Program Substance abuse is a serious problem. It can cause a lot of problems in peoples day to day functioning. Problems of substance abuse can be correlated to family problems, health problems, school problems and also occupational problems. Bigger problems lay within adolescents that have substance abuse problems. Substance abuse of adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 has increased to 11.4%. This data was collected in 1997 from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration. Their data also presented an increase from 2.2% to 3.8% between the ages of 12 to 13 years old (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, 1999). Therefore it is to be said that substance abuse is becoming more relevant at younger ages as time progresses. According to the National Institution of Health, the abuse of Ecstasy has increased in 12th graders from 3.0% to 4.5% and has also increased in 10th grades from 2.4% to 3.5% between the years of 2005 to 2007. Hansen and Ponton indicat ed that adolescent risk behavior of the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs will only get worse in the future. Adolescents that continue to abuse substances often experience a number of problems. Another substance that adolescents are increasingly abusing is alcohol in which 40.9% of 10th graders reported they had been drunk in the past year. According to the DSM-IV a substance abuse can be diagnosed if there is a continual pattern of substance use resulting in either failing to complete task such as school, work, or home, risking the harm of others by operating heavy machinery while under the influence. If the recurrent substance also creates legal problems by getting arrested or creates social or interpersonal problems within a 12 month period is to be considered a substance abuse. Because of these dangerous affects this paper will focus on the prevention of substance abuse rather than treating it. Negative Consequences: Adolescents are taking more risk than ever before. The consequences of these risks can encounter problems that affect their health, their lives, and their futures (Danish, 1997). Because of this early age of substance abuse more and more adolescents who are being treated are found to have more social and emotional problems (Fisher Harrison, 2000). One major consequence of a substance abuse is that it can negatively affect users health. Adolescents that are abusing illicit drugs increase their risk of death by suicide, homicide, accidents and illness (McCaig, 1995). The results of the drug abuse warning network study revealed that drug related emergencies increased by 17 % (McCaig, 1995). Not only is the physical health perceived as a negative consequence but also the users mental health. Adolescent illegal drug use causes problems involving healthy psychological growth and functioning for a healthy lifestyle (Brook et al., 1998a). Substance abusers frequently leads to depression, developmental lags, apathy, withdrawal and psychosocial dysfunctions (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992).Substance abusers can also develop a wide cluster of personality disorders. One personality disorder that is associated with adolescent substance abuse is conduct disorder (Stratton, 1998). Conduct disorder consist of behavior and emotional problems in adolescents. Adolescents with this disorder are viewed as bad or delinquents. They have a difficult time following the basic social and cultural norms and rules in which they behave in ways that are considered socially unacceptable. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992) Another consequence that is related to adolescent substance abuse has to do with the performance in academics. Hawkins, Catalano, and Miller (1998) cited research revealing that low levels of commitment to education and high truancy rates are related to an adolescent substance abuse. Truancies rates are also know as inexcusable absences. Low commitment to school and inexcusable absents set up bigger problems for education in the future. These bigger problems include users producing low standings compared to their class and even dropping out of school. The school consequences are very important to consider in the development of adolescents. Education is one aspect that dictates ones present and future quality of life. School dropout rates are highly correlated with adolescents that have substance abuse problems (Crowe, 1998). It is important to understand the different causes of the negative effects from a substance abuse. The more knowledge we know the better chance we have to preven t it. Cause: One cause that can make an adolescent vulnerable to start abusing substances at an early age could be due to social influences. Instead of only looking at the individual for explanations of the cause/origin of adolescent substance abuse it is also important to consider the social influences in which adolescents are surrounded by as an important causal contribution. Chau-Kiu Cheung and John Wing-Ling (2008) had conducted a study concerning the impact of social influences of adolescent substance abuse. Their study was directed to demonstrate how social influences, such as social encouragement and support are relevant to a cause of a substance abuse (Cheung and Ling, 2003). An adolescent is more likely or at greater risk of substance abuse when the adolescent is helpless due to contextual unhappiness (Patterson, 1999). From the results of Cheung and Lings study (2003), found a main interaction between social influences and contextual unhappiness. When external social influences engage i n an adolescent while they are unhappy, can create a vulnerability to abuse a substance (Cheung and Ling, 2003). Adolescents being stressed combined with an external social influence (encouragement support) also creates a vulnerability to cause a substance abuse (Cheung and Ling, 2003). The overall findings from Chau-Kiu Cheung and John Wing-Lings study (2008) shows that external forces play an important role in an adolescent substance abuse. These external forces lay in lines of our environment (peers, family members, and others) and are a huge contributor to the cause of a substance abuse. The findings from the previous study suggested that our environment is a causal factor to substance abuse. To better understand why our environment possess causality to substance abuse, we need to determine what aspects, domains, or settings put adolescents at risk for becoming substances abusers. Settings that include risk factor can include families, peer groups, schools, and your community. The more risk factors that adolescents are exposed to, the more likely the child will abuse a substances. (Hawkins and Spoth, 2001) Risk factors that appear in a family setting converse around the parents. Furthermore the risk factors revolve around parental active roles of supervision and appear in family situation (Kumpfer, Olds, Zucker,1998). For example, if there is a lack of attachment or nurturing between the parent/caregiver while that adolescent is developing. A number of investigators have shown that a close and mutually warm bond between the parent and the child is associated with less adolescent abusing drugs (Brook et al., 1993;Schmidt et al., 1996). Also drug use by a parent or sibling has been found to cause a substance abuse (Conger and Rueter, 1996; Duncan et al., 1995; Kandel, 1990; Kazdin, 1987; Loeber and Dishion, 1983; Patterson et al., 1989). If a family member is or has abused a substance and if there is a poor relationship between the child and the parent will put adolescents at risk of a substance abuser (Brook et al., 1990, 1998b). Children that have used drugs were compared to kids that have not and were found to be three times more likely to have a family member who is or has abused a substance (Brooks, La Rosa,Whiteman, Johnson, Montoya, 2000). In a study done by Brooks, La Rosa,Whieman, Johnson and Montoya (2000) did research examining family drug use, parent and child relationship, and environmental factors that contribute to a cause of a substance abuse. Strong parent and child relationships were found to decrease the chances of a substance abuse. In this study, parent-child relationship were described by support, identification, and non-conflict relationships. Results from the study (200) about parental identification suggest for a better internal representation of the father will decrease the chances of a substance abuse. This means not only the mother but the father has to spend more time with the child engaging in his or her life. This creates a close mutual relationship that will allow the child to admire his or her parental figure as a role model according to Brooks, La Rosa,Whieman, Johnson and Montoya (2002). Another aspect of the parent-child relationship was found to decreased a substance abuse was the amount o f time the parent spends with his or her child. Furthermore by parents not having a close mutual relationship and not engaging with the child will create a risk factors for a substance abuse. Overall this research presented by Brooks, La Rosa,Whieman, Johnson and Montoya (2000) demonstrated that parental drug use and poor parent child relationships are key risk components to developing a substance abuse. (Brooks, La Rosa,Whieman, Johnson and Montoya, 2002) Environmental causes outside of the family home setting can decrease the chances of a substance abuse (Brooks, La Rosa,Whieman, Johnson and Montoya, 2002). For instance, by having children attend to church regularly. Church can teach morals, values, and give guidance about life. Brooks, La Rosa,Whieman, Johnson and Montoya (2000) also hit on the importance of neighborhoods being a component of an environmental cause. Neighborhoods that are found to have violence, drug availability, low familism and non regular attendance to church will increase the chance of causality of a substance abuse. Like I mentioned previously there is more than one domain or setting that can cause an adolescent being involved in substance abuse. Not only can the family play apart in the causality of developing a substance abuse but also schools. Instead of blaming the victim we can put blame on our school systems. For example, the classrooms adolescents are attending to might not be conducting good classroom behavior or good social skills. These skills play a big role in the developmental process of an adolescent. This leaves kids very vulnerable to external forces from the classroom. Not only can the classroom be the problem but the school itself. Schools offer a lot of social activity and interactions. While being at school adolescent are at risk of associate and becoming involved with adolescent that have a substance abuse problem. This also opens up new doors for the availability of getting a hold of drugs; quantity and variety. (NIDA, 2001) Pervious intervention: Although there are a variety of types of treatments that show positive effects for a substance abuse. I want to focus on preventing a substance abuse and not blame the victim. Some adolescent substance abuse programs have attempted school based approaches, community approaches, and family based approaches. Pervious school based drug prevention programs have focused on protective factors of social influences on drug abuse. Some have been successful by delaying the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs for adolescents in middle school. Programs that have been targeted toward middle school have been found to miss the importance of the transition phase from middle school to high school. It is important to set prevention programs to gear in to adolescents that are making this transition phase. (Lynskeyet al., 2003) Another problem with previous prevention programs (ALERT) found that their programs affect boys more that girls. The cause of this problem still remains unknown (Longshore, Ellickson, McCaffrey, Clair, 2007). The Project ALERT program was focused on middle school students. This programmed aimed its principles to motivate youth against using drugs and develop skills for resistance behavior. Project ALERT used small group activities and used techniques to examine questions and answers. These are important components to an effective program (Tobler, 1992). Pervious trials of the ALERT program have produced positive results, but they found room for improvement. Their new program called ALERT PLUS is based off the same fundamental principles of their old program; however, they have made changes to address problems. The ALERT PLUS added changes to focus on developmental changes during the transition phase of middle school to high school. Developmental changes can affect opportunities and motivation to drug use (Longshore, Ellickson, McCaffrey, Clair, 2007). These developmental changes include friendship networks and dating opportunities. Overall, the new program goals were to strengthen norms a gainst drug use, help students cope with drug situation, and learn ways to quit. Furthermore they wanted to have a better educational system for teaching students consequences of drug and cope with emotional stress. (Longshore, Ellickson, McCaffrey, Clair, 2007) Pervious results from their old program were able to prevent and reduce marijuana and tobacco in 8th grade students. However the program was not able to help students how have already smoked cigarettes. Also the old program only affected alcohol use in the short-run and not long-run. Therefore the PLUS program strengthened their lessons to improve education on alcohol use and was designed to help those who have already smoked more than one cigarette. (Longshore, Ellickson, McCaffrey, Clair, 2007) The results of the ALERT PLUS program showed significant improvements. Girls in the PLUS program reported lower rates of weekly alcohol use. Girls in the plus program were compared to girls in the original program showing a reduction of alcohol by 32%. Reductions were also found in marijuana use by 49%. Another important finding that contributed to the new program was the scores of alcohol consequences and high risk alcohol use all showing improvements. (Longshore, Ellickson, McCaffrey, Clair, 2007). Other programs mostly rely on school teachers and police officers to educate the youth during school time. In my opinion they never left enough time that adolescents need to be well educated/rounded on substance abuse. This next prevention program created by Abbey, Pilgrim, Hendrickson, Buresh, (2002) set its principles on family based substance abuse prevention. This program offers skills that are directed toward parents. These skills are designed to increase family communication and bonding. Skills in this direction will decrease the chances of an adolescent substance abuse. The families in Action (FIA), includes techniques for a stronger parent-child communication, positive behavior management, ways of interacting among the family, factors for school achievements, and education on substance abuse. These were designed to create a better overall relationship. (Abbey, Pilgrim, Hendrickson, Buresh, 2002) The FIA programs goal was to increase resiliency and protective factors within the family. The program was aimed toward children who are entering middle school. This prevention took place between 1994 to1995. It involved 37 children and 38 parents. The program involved once a week sessions for six consecutive weeks. The session went no longer than 2.5hrs. (Abbey, Pilgrim, Hendrickson, Buresh, 2002) Families were measured on three different accounts for pre and post data. They were measured on family cohesion, family communication, and family fights. Cohesion was measured by the family environment scale on a nine point rating. Family communication was also measured on a nine point scale by participants indications the number of times they had different behavioral patterns. (Abbey, Pilgrim, Hendrickson, Buresh, 2002) There were no significant finding presented between children in the FIA program when compared to a baseline group. However, the parents produced an important finding when compared to the comparison group. Parents in the FIA program had lower scores on attitudes toward tobacco, an appropriate age to drink at, and family cohesion. (Abbey, Pilgrim, Hendrickson, Buresh, 2002) Program Description: Because substance abuse is becoming active at earlier and earlier ages as the time goes on, it is important to start prevention early in a childs life. What is needed is more consistent and long term adolescent substance abuse prevention that stays associated and involved with children during their courses of development. The program needs to be consistent by reaching out to where adolescent spend most of their time. This adolescent substance abuse program includes educations and developmental skills across the family and school settings. Because substance abuse can affect ones academics, physical and mental health and ones future, it is important to start prevention as early as 8 years old. For prevention to start this early prevention needs to be focused on families and more so on parents. One leading cause to a substance abuse is having a family history or a parent who was chemically dependent. Family members who were chemically dependent put their child to be genetically vulnerable to a substance abuse (Kumpfer, 1999). The first step of prevention is to get the parents to be well rounded and educated on drugs and substance abuse. Parents need to become aware of the origins of substance abuse. Meaning they need to know the causes and effects of a substance abuse. A great way for parents to become educated is to take part in neighborhood leader groups. Leader groups offer a great opportunity for getting and giving input and output. This also leads to another important prevention aspect in the family setting. Getting involved and paying attention to the child is important. Parents need to become very active when it comes to supervising. Staying involved with your child will heighten protective factors to outweigh the risk factors. Parental involvement is a crucial ingredient to preventing a substances abuse. Involvement doesnt just mean being around the kid when he/she is at home. Parents need to reach out past the home setting. A great skill for prevention is to get involved with your childrens interest. This can include friends, activities and their fantasies like a hero/role model. This is why it is important to take part in neighborhood leader groups. It gives the chance to know your childs friends and their families. Becoming aware of who their friends are, where they come from, and getting to know the parents makes for a very strong and effective way for staying involved and having a tight relationship. Getting to know your childs interest can really make a positive impact on the child an d is a great skill for prevention. For example, take your childs favorite superhero/role model and exemplify a new anti drug message once a week that has consequence toward that hero or role model. Parents being educated, staying involved with the childs interest and having good supervising skills offers a big part in keeping this prevention program consistent and long-term. Because it is important to keep the program consistent and long term in the development of the child, education and skills need to be implemented at school settings. At this point schools offer more risk factors than protective factors for substance abuse. Because of this window of risk factors and because schools take part in a big section of development of children; prevention needs to be enforced. Most school systems do not seem to be aware of the severity of negative effects of a substance abuse. This is apparent because of how high dropout rates are correlated to substance abuse in which rates are only going up. Instead of school systems only setting aside 15-20 minutes for drug awareness assemblies, school need to set aside more time for children just as their parents. In doing so the school systems have to change their academic system. They need to implement a full education class three days a week. Instead of the children just sitting in the class room and listening to the te acher, the class is going to involve a lot of participation. This participation will not only involve inside the classroom but will also take part as an extracurricular active outside of the school. By giving children extra actives to do outside and inside of school, will lessen the chance of them becoming involved with children that already have a substance abuse problem and take away from the availability of drugs. Inside the classroom teachers will be instructed to keep kids well rounded on types of drugs, health effects, academic affect, behavior affects and what a substance abuse can lead you to, like in the juvenile system. Activities inside the class room will be meant for participation toward learning coping skills, emotional control skills and social skills. Because this program is constructed to be long term and consistent, inside school classes and the extracurricular activities need to be practiced and implemented into school academic circular systems and not just as a b rief assembly or an announcement. The extracurricular actives outside of school are going to involve children reaching out into their communities beyond the school and family settings. This component to the program will stay active throughout the whole year and the summer so transition phases are not in effect. These activities will involve children from schools giving educational seminars in public place around their community. They will take what they have learned from inside the classroom and propose anti drug messages consistently across their community. Seminars will include places such as libraries, parks, beaches, neighborhoods, churches and shopping centers. Unlike other program this program needs to stay consistent and long-term through the stage of development. That is why this program is implemented into the family, school and beyond. In summary, this educational and skills substance abuse prevention program will strengthen the protective factors and weaken the risk factors of a substance abuse. For this program to be affective it has to take place in our families and school staying consistent and long term. All the aspects of family and school settings combine to create a chance of involvement of socializing creating strong relationship in a positive manner for being substance free. By having the protective factors outweigh the risk factors we can stop this continual pattern of adolescent substance abuse.

Water in New Jersey Essay -- Environment Environmental Essays

Water in New Jersey Residential, commercial and industrial development is the largest contributors to landscape change in the state of New Jersey. When buildout occurs in one region, development pressure begins in another, virtually insuring the Megalopolis concept of one huge urban corridor stretching between Boston and Washington D.C. Year after year, farmland dwindles, roads become congested, and more residents are left to compete for diminishing natural resources. Desperate measures and newer technologies are incorporated to replace poor planning and lack of vision on behalf of decision-makers caught between competing interests. When the long term health and wellbeing of the established population and the short term gain of a limited number of people compete for vital natural resources there should be no question who's interests should prevail. Water resources tend to be taken for granted in New Jersey and why shouldn't they? Rainfall and runoff from snowfall are plentiful, averaging over forty inches per year. The state is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on one side and the Delaware River on the other, with reservoirs containing billions of gallons of water, and large underground aquifers in between. It's hard to imagine a shortage of this abundant resource. Under normal conditions, this would be the case, but under drought conditions, as has been experienced throughout the winter of 2001 - 2002, the residents of New Jersey are forced to confront the stark reality of the situation that we may be entering into a severe water supply crisis. Mandatory water conservation and stiff penalties for noncompliance may do what preservation and antidevelopment advocates have been trying to do for decades in the state of Ne... ...ment to New Jersey using water resource concerns as a tool to limit large-scale suburban development. These southern agricultural counties are a unique region where large numbers of people are dependent on valuable groundwater resources to continue living in a healthy environment. References New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 1993, New Jersey 1992 State water quality inventory report, chapter IV, 44p. Blair, Russell, 2002, Telephone interview with Cape May County Agricultural Agent, March 5, 2002 New Jersey Farm Bureau, 2002, Statistics obtained at website as of March 5,2002, www.njfb.org New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2002, Statistics obtained at website as of March 5, 2002, www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/ United States Geological Survey, 2002, Statistics obtained at website as of March 3, 2002, www.usgs.gov