The portrayal of Crooks In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The portrayal of Crooks In the fresh Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck EssayIn the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck we learn rough the daily life of the black stable-buck Crooks and how he is portrayed by the life on the ranch.American the great unwashed in the 1930s were in the midst of a keen depression. The Great Depression affected everybody. Many people became unemployed and work that was available was voiceless to find. During the Great Depression, the Wall Street Crash, which was the collapse of the stock market. The shareh quondam(a)ers lost lots of money and found it necessary to reduce the number of employed to save money. amongst 1928 and 1933, industrial and farm production fell by 40% and wages by 60%. In 1933 14 million were unemployed and farm prices had fallen, so the cost of transporting animals cost more than the animals were worth and the in tot slipped to $5 billion. Therefore, for the white worker life was exceptionally hard.Also in the 1930s, b lack people suffered from racial prejudice. This make the blacks feel woeful and they did not mix with the whites. The cause of this prejudice was the reminisce of the slave trade which happened in the 18th and 19th century. White Americans considered the blacks as worthless and treated them as lowly citizens, perhaps comparable to that of animals. When people saw sense the law changed and the slave trade was stopped. In edition to the effects of the Great Depression, and the inequality white workers suffered is the issue of racial prejudice.In the novel, John Steinbeck creates a character called Crooks. He excludes himself from the white workers because of the racial prejudice he has suffered in the past. Crooks lives in the harness demoralize on instead of the bunk house with the white workers, this is the result of musical compositiony age of racial prejudice and exclusion.had his bunk in the harness roomCrooks is a tall old black man with a crooked back. He has no friends i n the ranch because he is only the black man and the white workers dont resembling to mix with him.guys dont coiffe into a colored mans room verymuch.Crooks is permanent to the ranch as the others are not, so over the years he has picked up more possessions. As he lives in his own room he can similarly have more things than the other workers and he can leave all his objects on the floor. The result of an accident made his back go cripple, this meant it was hard to travel and this helped to gain personal possessions.scattered ab disclose the floor were a number of personalpossessionsbeing a stable buck and a cripple, he was morepermanentAs Crooks was cripple he felt intimidated so he had a shot gun in his room. Although it could be used for shooting vermin and for his job, exactly it might also be used for the intimidation of other people.and a single-barreled shotgun.In the novel it tells us that Crooks has lots of books, this includes the Californian civil rights book. These bo oks seem to comfort him as he has no friends. The civil rights book shows us that he knows his rights and knows how he should be treateda mauled copy of the Californian civil rights code for1905.In addition to Crooks loneliness and isolation the dialogue between Crooks and Lennie is tight and Crooks seems to be angry at Lennie for coming into his room to be friendly.you got no right to come in my roomyou go on pass outta my room.Crooks also might be afraid of Lennie. This might be because Lennie is a big man and he does not know his own strength.a huge manHe stood up and moved dangerously towards Crooks.Whilst Crooks and Lennie are lambasteing Crooks makes Lennie get angry because he said that George might not come back. Lennie relies on George for everything and he would not like it if George left him.Spose George dont come back no more. George wouldnt do nothing like that. I been withGeorge a long time. Hell come back tonight -Lennie has a very babyish mind and can really only t alk about one thing. He gets obsessions. Like when he was talking to Crooks, he would not stop talking about what George and him are going to do when they get enough money and slims pups that he likes.The rabbits were gonna get, and I get to tend emHow long do you think itll be before them pups will be old enough to pet?Crooks thinks it funny to discriminate Lennie because of his simple mind. This is because Lennie relies on George and Crooks has picked up on it and calls him names.Your crazy as a wedge.Jus talks, an you dont understand nothing.Besides Crooks experiencing loneliness another(prenominal) character in the novel Curleys wife also experiences it because she is the only woman in the ranch. Curleys wife admits to Lennie that she is lonely and that she only wants someone to talk to.I get lonely.The reason why she is lonely is because she lives in a patriarchal society. The male dominated society means that when she is bored she flirts with all the men and they think that sh e is ever giving them the eye.I seen her give slim the eye.Today, there is still an issue on racism. In the fifties and the sixties a lot of icons have come forward to fight the rights of inequality. Some of the main ones are Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King fought in the non violence matter and Malcolm X fought in the violence matter. Although they both fought for freedom. here is a piece from his speechI have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and liveout the true meaning of its creed We hold these truths to beself-evident that all men are created equal.To the present day people have died through racism, but it is not so much an issue. People have been brought up to treat everyone as equals, although there are a small minority that dont. This shows that the 1930s were prostrate to racism and loneliness among blacks and that nowadays there is little.

The Outsiders WebQuest Essay Example for Free

The Outsiders WebQuest EssayDuring this term, we will be reading the novel, The Outsiders. In order to fully understand the context of the story, it is important that you have a clear understanding of the meter period. In about ways many things havent changed since the sixties (i.e. gangs, friendship, etc.). However, in other ways, there have been major transformations. Therefore, you will research certain topics in order to gain a fuller understanding of the setting and social contexts of the novel. You will complete the following tasks investigate a wedded topic Prepare a innovation about the topic by including pictures, facts, sound clips, etc. (poster and/or PowerPoint presentation) Give an oral presentation to the class about the topicTopics* Music* Fashion* Historical events* Food and entertainment* Celebrities and movies* Greasers and preps/socialsQuestions to Answer and Websites to ExploreMusic1. What kind of practice of medicine was fashionable during the 60s? appoint a few different genres. 2. What music artists were popular? What were the top songs/albums? http//oldforty vanadiums.com/1964.htm 3. How is the music different from today? Are there any similarities? 4. Do you think the music of the time had a big influence on the generation? Do you think the music of today has an influence on people? Why or why non? 5. Play at least two songs during your presentation (if you do not have the songs, ask a parent or instructor to help you out)http//www.thepeoplehistory.com/1965.htmlFashion1. What kind of clothes and shoes were popular during the mid- 1960s?2. Which hairstyles were popular?3. What kind of makeup was popular?4. The Socs wear madras shirts in the book. What do they ask interchangeable? Give a picture.5. How are the clothes different from todays fashion? How are they the same?http//www.fiftiesweb.com/fashion/teen-hair-styles.htmhttp//www.fiftiesweb.com/fashion/teen-clothing.htmCelebrities and Movies1. Who were famous actors a nd actresses during the time period? 2. Who was Paul Newman? Name two of his movies in the 1960s. http//www.reelclassics.com/Actors/Newman/newman.htm 3. What were some popular movies during the time period? Name three. 4. What were drive-in theatres?http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in_theater http//www.driveintheater.com/index.htm Food and Entertainment1. What were some popular dishes of the 1960s? List dishes for different occasions. http//www.foodtimeline.org/fooddecades.html1960shttp//www.keyingredients.org/001_timeline/001_timeline_04.asp?ID=62. What were some fads and forms of entertainment during the time period? http//www.angelfire.com/retro2/nostalgiacafe/60sfads.html 3. Historical Events1. What were some major historical events between the historic period of1964-1965? http//www.thepeoplehistory.com/1964.html http//www.thepeoplehistory.com/1965.html2. What was the cost of living, petrol, etc. in 1964?3. What kind of impact do you think these events had on people during the time period?4. How have things in federation changed since the 1960s? Name at least 3 important changes.Socs vs. Greasers1. Describe a greaser by answering the questions below a. Why were they called greasers? http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greaser_(subculture) b. How did they dress?c. How was their hair?d. What was some greaser slang? http//www.stonegreasers.com/greaser/ e. What are the differences between socs and greasers? http//www.amal.k12.nf.ca/projects/grassroots/outsiders/outsiders/8-3/Social%20Classes/socialclasses_files/page0002.htmGroup Checklist1. We have correct spelling and punctuation in our presentation.YESNO 2. We have at least three pictures about our topic.YESNO 3. We have answered all of the questions about our topic.YES NO 4. We have written in complete sentences in our presentation.YES NO 5. Our poster is uncoiled and organized.YES NOITS ALL ABOUT ME, MYSELF AND IIn the novel, The Outsiders, Ponyboy expresses his feelings in a very poetic way. By doing this, Po nyboy is able to head the reader his reliable identity an identity that completely contradicts the stereotype of what society deems to be a greaser. Your goal is to write a poem to express your knowledge identity to show the reader that you are more(prenominal) than a student in a uniform. You will use the templates below to help you express yourself on paper. This will then(prenominal) gointo your identity box. I AmI am (two special characteristics)I wonder (something you are actually curious about)I hear (an complex number sound)I see (an imaginary sight)I want (an actual desire)I am (the first line of the poem restated)I reckon (something you actually pretend to do)I feel (a feeling about something imaginary)I touch (an imaginary touch)I worry (something that really bothers you)I cry (something that makes you very sad)I am (the first line of the poem repeated)I understand (something you know is true)I say (something you believe in)I dream (something you actually dream abou t)I emphasise (something you really make an effort about)I hope (something you actually hope for)I am (the first line of the poem repeated)Autobiographical Poem distinguish 1 Your first name only distinguish 2 Four traits (adjectives) that describe youLine 3 Son/Daughter of or brother/ infant ofLine 4 Friend of (2 people)Line 5 L everywhere of (3 people, beliefs, or ideas)Line 6 Who feels (3 sensations or emotions)Line 7 Who finds happiness in (3 items)Line 8 Who needs (3 items)Line 9 Who gives (3 items)Line 10 Who fears (3 items)Line 11 Who hopes (2 changes you would like to happen)Line 12 Who dreams(2 dreams for the futureLine 13 Who would like to see (3 items, places)Line 14 Who enjoys (3 items)Line 15 Who likes to wear (3 colors, items)Line 16 Resident of (city or state)Line 17 Your last name personal identity BOXYou will design and fill a shoebox that will be beautifyd with things that represent who you are. You can create any sort of decoration you wish. most examples i nclude * Pictures of you, your friends, your family.* Your name (which is always good for helping me give you a mark)* Song lyrics from a band or song you really like.* Pictures from magazines of your front-runner actor/singer/sports hero* Pictures of your favourite activities, your favourite clothes, your favourite animals* Samples of poetry or writing that you have written yourself* Autobiographical poem* Quotes that you really like, or that inspire you.**Your box must include an autobiographical poem, which is a type of poetry that explains who you are.** Your box must include a one-page summary that explains why you chose to decorate your box the way you did. + + += A FABULOUS IDENTITY BOXCHELTENHAM LADIES AND THE CHAVSAdmire the perfect souped-up Burberry-styled Chavalier.It is one of the etymological questions of the age from where, exactly, do we get the word chav? Now, at last, there is an answer.Chav, as anyone not living on Mars for the last few months knows, is thebuzzwo rd of 2004 a suitably monosyllabic noun or adjective knowing to illuminate that which is most appalling in the young, designer-label-obsessed under-class of early 21st century Britain.When you see a stunted teenager, apparently jobless, hanging around outside McDonalds urbane in a Burberry baseball cap, Ben Sherman shirt, ultra-white Reebok trainers and dripping in bling (cheap, tasteless and usually gold-coloured jewellery), he will almost certainly be a chav. If he has impediment framing the course you gotta problem mate? then he will definitely be a chav. Very short hair and souped-up Vauxhall Novas are chav, as is functional illiteracy, a burgeoning career in petty crime and the wearing of ones mobile telephone around the neck.Chavs are most at home in run-down, small-town shopping precincts, smoking and shouting at their mates. A teenage single mum chewing gum or drawing on a pouf as she pushes her baby, Keanu, to McDonalds to meet the chav she believes to be his father i s a chavette.So, who coined such a sneeringly useful term? closely, the pupils of Cheltenham Ladies College, apparently. Rumour in the town has it that chav is derived from Cheltenham Average, the name given by the young ladies to the less-eligible young men of the town. Rob Garnham, the mayor of Cheltenham, was less than pleased with the suggestion, pointing out that I am a Cheltenham Mr Average and Im definitely not scum. He went on As someone who speaks for the people of the town, Im sure we feel insulted by the term. People should come and see Cheltenham and realise what its really like.Vicky Tuck, principal of the 150-year-old college, was disgust by the suggestion that her girls, schooled so tirelessly in the need to respect other less favoured members of society, could have come up with such a disparaging label It is offensive because its deprecating one group of people against another, she said. If were trying to stand for anything here its respecting all kinds of people living together in harmony. Thats what I spend my waking hours trying to do. Social mobility comes primarilythrough education not wealth, and if more people believe we are a more class-ridden society then thats indicative, I think, of poverty of education. Mrs Tuck believes chav derives from chavi, the 19th century Romany word for child. telegraph.co.ukBAN THE WORD CHAVIt is deeply offensive to a largely intemperate group and betrays a revealing level of class horror It might be hard to say this without sounding priggish or being criminate of being rather more politically correct than is healthy, but here goes We have to stop using the word chav.Would we get away with saying queer on the BBC? No there are very few circumstances where that would be acceptable. Would the Guardian print the word pikey? Well they have done five times this year (three times were earnest discussions about the words racism, and the other two were, well, a bit racist). Could we use the n-word in the F abian Review? Well probably not, especially when making the point that there is rightly a hierarchy of offensiveness. Some uses of some words fall below the threshold of acceptability and some are definitely above it.Chav is way above that threshold. It is deeply offensive to a largely voiceless group and especially when employ in normal middle-class conversation or on national TV it betrays a deep and revealing level of class hatred.The phenomenon of the word has grown over the last five years. Initially it was purely a term of abuse. You only have to visit the website chavscum.com to see this have a look at it and be appalled (Whatever you know them as, this site is about them, it reads. Britains peasant underclass that is taking over our towns and cities). But more recently it has become rather more insidious than that because it is so much more widely used. We have heard it increasingly used in conversation over the last year, invariably to nervelessly describe people not l ike us and very often used by people who are otherwise rather progressive in their politics.You cannot consider yourself of the left and use the word. It is sneering and patronising and perhaps most dangerous it is distancing, turning the chav into the kind of feral beast that exists only in tag headlines. It is worse than other forms of snobbery because it so clearly links poverty and being working class to criminality and fecklessness. The middle classes have always used lyric poem to distinguish themselves from those a few rungs below them on the ladder we all know their old serviette/napkin, lounge/living room, settee/ lounge tricks. But this is something new. This is middle class hatred of the white working class, pure and simple.It is easy to dismiss this as political correctness gone mad. But the words we use matter. The common use of the word chav creates a sense that this type of discrimination and stereotyping is acceptable and legitimate. Lets not replace the racist or bigoted language of the past with a new set of words that are just as hateful.Many people use chav as a smokescreen for their hatred of the lower classes. That is a despicable subterfuge. It is not the gipsies that are the victims of the chav stereotype, but the useless youths who hang around with nothing to do. True, schoolchildren have adopted the label chav to identify their own tendency (in opposition to Goths and emo monsters). But that just makes them act up to their bad image. guardian.co.uk

Communication Through Graphic Design Essay Example for Free

Communication Through graphic Design EssayIm going to college to earn a degree in Graphic Design. Graphic Design is the art or skill of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, or books. My dream has always been to work for a large successful major(ip) business or company. I would love to live in the city and be able to drive down the high way or weft up a magazine and see my design in it for everyone to see.One of the biggest meanings of the word design is planning. To design is to come up with a plan for each elements of a forge. Ive always been really big on making plans. Like when I go to the mall I dont like to just walk around aimlessly. I like to render a planned route of certain stores Im going to go to, and in what order Im going to go to them.Ive never actually thought virtually the communication process when it comes to a career in Graphic Design. I always figured it was a career with little communication considering its all almostly done on th e computer and independently. Depending on the job task, company, or person your doing a certain job for there has to be plenty on communication in order to get the project and design done. Which is a sender receiver type of communication. When going to create a design you must pay close attention to the person sex act you what to design. So good communication skills are relevant to get a good job done and reach your bosses standards.Graphic Design is all about communicating images, ideas, and information visually. There are many different types of communication, Graphic Design is visual and non-verbal communication. For example, a billboard on the side of the road is nevertheless a form of communication even though there isnt technically any talking going on. People drive by and static get the point and the message without any verbal communication.Some interesting history I never realized or thought about is that technically graphic design started back in the prehistoric period. With cavemen doing cave paintings and markings on boulders to relay a message to others. Its interesting to think that people have been creating forms of non verbal communication through somewhat Graphic Design for quite some time now.Graphic Designs involves intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. This is because with this type of job comes lots of thinking, analyzing, listening, observing, questioning, and evaluating. in any case I learned that theres nonverbal physical means in Graphic Design such as sign language, touch, eye contact, and automobile trunk language by using design. Its through communication that understanding, cooperation, and collaboration occur. Communication skills is way more important in Graphic Design than most would assume.

Immigration and Cultural Identity

Immigration and Cultural IdentityThis research paper stress on the many concerns about big(a) immigrants perceptions of their own pronunciation problems and the many challenges faces at times speaking with a accent. People are pushed and nearlytime forced to receive side as a common spoken language in the United States. However, what should adult immigrants attitude towards side as Second language (ESL) be? And in what ways should we as immigrants register it?Immigrants from different nation converge upon the United States in searching for a better manner for family or simple to fulfill a long life dream. Jamaican group is no exception with a combination of dialect, such as Patios/Creole languages. Many if not all adult immigrants learner grasp that pronunciation of Standard American English played a role in their chat breakdown that lead to consequences of speaking with a foreign accent.As I will show shortly, the combination of Patios/Creole language is so thick and dis tinctive, it separate from the dominant English language or we should say, the universal language (English).A couple of months ago, my uncle who is only a few months old here in the United States, was unfortunately suffer a stroke that affected his left field arm and left foot and was placed in a nursing home for rehabilitation. When visited him at lunch or dinner time, the nurses always appear transparently and confused when they serve my uncle his food, because he would always reply me noh like this yah food, it nuh have noh tase. I can also relate to recently arrive Jamaican immigrants having a communication breakdown with their American associate.In the case of Jamaican Patios/Creole, specific language difficulties were identified as accents and the social effects along with interaction dish out played a role in how immigrants assimilate in the United States. Immigrant learner like myself also tends to produce a target-like variant (e.g., me noh nuh nutten) in unrivalled conte xt and a non-target like variant (e.g., I dont know nothing).According to University of Toronto Press Incorporated (Tracey M. Derwing), This study concerns adult immigrants perceptions of their own pronunciation problems and the consequences of speaking with a foreign accent. Interviews were conducted with 100 intermediate proficiency ESL students (58 of whom belonged to a visible minority). Over half the respondents felt that pronunciation played a role in their communication problems.Jamaican immigrants leave behind a country where they are the majority to mavin where they are the minority. Their language and settlement in the United States are increase by discrimination animal footd on cultural differences and are often stereotyped as having poor language and communication skills if a dialect being defined by its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.Tracey M. Derwing (Journal article by University of Toronto Press Incorporated) further states that When asked whether they had been discriminated against because of accent, two thirds said no, but when asked if hoi polloi would respect them more if they pronounced English well, the majority agreed.English continue proven to be very challenging, it is not easy learned, especially for adults. It is proven to be most difficult languages because it is so irregular. For example, base infinitive broadcast, past simple broadcast and past participle broadcast. Immigrants find it difficult to learn Standard American English especially when pushed and sometime forced to learn English as a Second language (ESL). Example, our immigration system, Bloomberg-Businessweek listed, PRO LANGUAGE SKILLS EQUAL SUCCESS (by Havovi Cooper). One of the few immigration laws that makes any sense to me is the one requiring immigrants to learn and speak English before they can attain citizenship.Concerning adult immigrants attitude towards English as Second Language (ESL), the U.S. is a country that has been strengthened on immigrat ion and immigrants bring their own culture and belief systems into a new society. I must say, people are most comfortable with what they already know and believe in. People instinctively defend and embrace what is theirs, whether it is a tangible piece of dress code or an intangible cultural belief, people are not ready or willing to open-up to invasion of their culture by another.Laurie Olsen, (jstor.org) wrote, learning English is not just a matter of steganography an alphabet, learning vocabulary, and hearing subtleties of accent. For immigrants students, the seemingly straightforward task students in a classroom with a teacher helping them understand and learn to use English is imbued with the weight of social and political complexity that goes far beyond simple the matter of acquiring a stake language. Learning English is at the means of a national wall over what it means to be a diverse society and to incorporate immigrants from around the world (Crawford, 1992). The in tensity of this polarized political debate reverberates throughout the classrooms of this nation where immigrants try to discover and understand their place in their new land.Most immigrants would like to mastery of the Standard English language in hope of finding employment and will also serve as a stepping-stone that will enhance their life. The question is in what ways should we as immigrants learn it? Speaking for myself, as immigrant it takes determination and courage, but there are many avenues to learn English language besides a teacher-led program in a classroom. You have to learn as you go (self-teach), meaning you can learn from friends, families, conversation heard on the street, corporation centers, playground or in your community church. According to website, literacy.uconn.edu, within these pages, youll find easy access to a wide assortment of literacy ideas customized for classroom teachers of students who are learning English as a second language (ESL) or English as a foreign language (EFL).(Roger Reed) states that, The National Institute for Literacy (n.d.) stated that English as a Second Language (ESL) programs are the fastest growing area of state-administered adult education programs. Demands for ESL instruction continue to increase while federal expenditures for ESL and bilingual education have fall (Board on Children and Families, 1995). This contradictory response has created years-long waiting lists for ESL programs across the country. There are other programs that allow individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) skills an opportunity to acquire the English language.Immigrants may ask, what the one social consequence? When reflect on what my uncle says to the nurses each time they serve him food, they did not correct him, they may not understand his language, some may find humor or they find it embarrassing, If the situation is clear, the meaning and use of the vocabulary pronunciation and grammar item also becomes clear.In co nclusion, whether English is twist into a global language, immigrants accent and pronunciation of words will continue to be undesirable things for both learning and teaching. It may continue to be the focus of many debates and controversies among immigrants and educators if a dialect continue being defined by its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, as well as its accent.

Link Between Obesity and Lack of Sleep

Link Between Obesity and Lack of snoozeZara J. DamaniaAbstractThis believe aims to investigate whether there is a bidirectional birth amid sad repose lumber, high body mass index (BMI) and disordered wash uping ( drunken revelry-eating and night-time eating). Participants were a community-derived sample (N= 330) of people recruited through advertisements placed at the Australian National University (ANU) campus and a number of online platforms. An online questionnaire asked participants for their height, weight and recent experiences of ease and eating. Multiple throwback analyses make that (a) worse all overall sleep quality and binge-eating (but non night-time eating) were positively associated with high BMI accounting for a significant 8% of the variability in BMI and (b) high BMI and night-time eating (but not binge-eating) were positively associated with worse overall sleep quality accounting for 35.6% of the variability in worse overall sleep quality. These result s indicate that disordered eating (binge- and/or night-time eating) partially describe the association between execrable sleep quality and high BMI. Future research could be conducted using intent- rather than self-reported- measures of sleep quality, BMI and eating behaviour to control for inaccuracies that self-reported measures might pose.The Bidirectional companionship between High Body Mass Index, Poor Sleep Quality and Disordered EatingThis paper investigates whether there is a bidirectional relationship between poor sleep quality, high body mass index and disordered eating. Current research corroborates the association between poor sleep quality and organism overweight or obese. Sleep quality is a broad concept that includes sleep duration, toilsomey falling and/or staying torpid and the use of sleep medications (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman Kupfer, 1989 Krystal Edinger, 2008). This study makes use of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality. PSQI is an effective and widely used self-reported instrument that is high in reliability and validity, consisting of questions that argon calorie-free to understand and answer (Buysse et al., 1989 Smyth, 1999). PSQI measures subjective sleep quality in seven distinct areas, including sleep latency and sleep duration (Krystal Edinger, 2008 Smyth, 1999).One of the anchor interests in this study is the association between PSQ and having a high body mass index (BMI) i.e., be overweight or obese. According to the World Health compositions classification, a BMI of 25 indicates that a person is overweight and 30 indicates that a person is obese (World Health Organization, 2000). Empirical evidence corroborates an association between PSQ and having a high BMI (hBMI). For instance, longitudinal studies and studies on large mixed-race and socioeconomically diverse samples erect that sleeping less than seven hours and having stretch out falling and/or staying asleep was positively ass ociated with hBMI (Gangwisch, Malaspina, Boden-Albala Heymsfield, 2005 Meyer, Wall, Larson, Laska Neumark-sztainer, 2012). Furthermore, empirical findings from cross-sectional studies with mixed-race samples indicate that obese individuals experience shorter sleep durations compared to non-obese individuals for every hour of sleep lost the risk of obesity increased by 80% and PSQ leads to decreases in physical activity which is consequently associated with hBMI (Cappuccio, et al., 2008 Gupta, Mueller, Chan Meininger, 2002)Very few studies that attempted to explain how PSQ is associated with hBMI found that sleep apnea might mediate this relationship (Yeh brown, 2014). Sleep apnea refers to sleep disturbance due to continual interruptions to airflow through the nose and mouth on at least 30 occasions during a seven-hour sleep period (Guilleminault, Tilkian Dement, 1976). However, sleep apnea is relatively uncommon in the population (Tishler, Larkin, Schulchter Redline, 2003) while PSQ is more common (Buysse, Reynolds, Monk, Berman Kupfer, 1989). Therefore, it can be inferred that only a small simile of hBMI individuals with PSQ suffer from sleep apnea and there might be other potential explanations for the association between PSQ and hBMI (Yeh Brown, 2014).Given that no other studies have attempted to barely investigate factors that mediate the relationship between PSQ and hBMI, this study attempts to do so by investigating whether disordered eating mediates this relationship. Disordered eating includes both(prenominal) binge eating and night-time eating. Binge eating (BE) refers to consuming unusually large amounts of food in a relatively short time-span and perceived lack of control over ones eating behaviour (American Psychiatric Association, as cited in Johnson, Carr-Nangle, Nangle, Antony Zayfert, 1997). This study uses the Binge Eating Scale (BES) a questionnaire that measures whether and to what extent individuals binge eat by inquiring about th eir eating behaviours and tendencies (Gormally, Black, Daston Rardin, 1982). Whereas, night-time eating (NTE) refers to consuming 25% of ones caloric intake after dinner and/or after open-eyed up at night, at least twice a week (Allison et al., 2010 Stunkard, GraceWolff). This study uses the Night-time Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) to identify whether and the frequency of which participants engage in NTE behaviour (Striegel-Moore, Franko Garcia, 2009).Yeh and Brown (2014) suggest that difficulty falling asleep and shorter sleep durations provide hBMI individuals with more time to eat, consequently leading to weight gain over time. This is in pact with Andersen, Stunkard, Sorenson, Peterson and Heitmann (2004) and Crispim, Zimberg, dos Reis, Tufik and de Mello (2011) who respectively found that NTE was associated with both PSQ and weight gain in hBMI individuals. Similarly, empirical research has indicated that BE is associated with PSQ and hBMI in obese individuals (Yeh Brown, 2014) .In light of both the lack of research investigating potential mediators of the association between PSQ and hBMI and research indicating that disordered eating is associated with PSQ and hBMI, the present study aimed to determine whether disordered eating (NTE and BE) mediates the relationship between PSQ and hBMI. The hypotheses of this study were (1) Poor sleep quality and disordered eating will be associated with high BMI and, (2) High BMI and disordered eating will be associated with higher(prenominal) scores of poor sleep quality.MethodParticipantsParticipants were recruited through advertisements placed at the Australian National University (ANU) campus and a number of online platforms. Study inclusion criteria were being 18 years old and a BMI of 18.5 (normal weight) or more. 678 participants opted to participate in this study however data from only 330 participants were used because the remaining 348 did not represent the study inclusion criteria or did not complete the st udy. Of the 330 participants, 107 (32.4%) were males, 223 (67.6%) were females, the ages ranged from 18-87 years and the mean age was 27.42 years (SD=10.36).ProcedureParticipants accessed the study by clicking on an embedded uniform resource locator in the advertisement. If they met the study criteria and consented to participate, they responded to an online questionnaire inquiring about their recent experiences of sleep and eating and height and weight, to calculate their BMI. SPSS statistical software (version 22) was used to perform all statistical analyses. Two standard multiple regression analyses were performed to test the two hypotheses.MaterialsDemographics including education level were collected. BMI was calculated by computing participants weight (in kilograms) over their height (in meters) with a BMI of 25 indicating overweightness and 30 indicating obesity. Next, the PSQI assessed seven subjective domains of sleep. An overall PSQI score (ranging from 0 to 21) of 5 indi cated moderate to severe sleep difficulties. Overall sleep score has high cozy consistency reliability with a Cronbachs of .83 (Smith Wegener, 2003). Thirdly, BE was measured using the BES which consists of 16-items reflecting behaviours and feelings related to eating. An overall BES score (ranging from 0 to 46) of 27 indicated binge-eating and a higher overall score indicated worse binge eating. In this study, BES had high native consistency with a Cronbachs of .92. Finally, NTE was measured using NEQ which consists of 15 questions. An overall NEQ score (ranging from 0 to 52) of 25 indicated NTE behaviour. In this study, the NEQ showed sufficient internal consistency with a Cronbachs alpha of .73.ResultsA number of outliers were detected for each of the variables however, none of these were excluded because they represented clinically relevant cases. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics of overall sleep quality, BMI, BE and NTE were found to be non-significant (i.e., p) which means t hat these key variables were normally distributed.Two multiple regression analyses (MRA) were conducted to investigate whether (a) PSQ and disordered eating (BE and NTE) were associated with high BMI and (b) whether high BMI and disordered eating (BE and NTE) were associated with higher scores of PSQ. Means and standard deviations of the key variables are shown in Table 1.Table 1Means and Standard Deviations of Key Study VariablesThe foremost MRA found that overall PSQ and BE (but not NTE) were positively associated with high BMI (the dependent variable) accounting for a significant 8% of the variability in BMI, R2 =.080, adjusted R2=.071, F (3,326) = 9.40, p=.000. Examination of the beta weights suggested that BE was the strongest unique contributor to high BMI (see Table 2).Unstandardized (B) and standardized () regression coefficients for each predictor in the regression model are provided in Table 2.Table 2Unstandardized (B) and Standardized () Regression Coefficients for each Predictor in a Regression Model Predicting high BMI*pThe plump for MRA found that high BMI and NTE (but not BE) were positively associated with overall PSQ (the dependent variable) accounting for 35.6% of the variability in overall PSQ, R2 =.356, adjusted R2=.350, F (3,326) = 59.99, p=.000. Unstandardized (B) and standardized () regression coefficients for each predictor in the regression model are provided (see Table 3).Table 3Unstandardized (B) and Standardized () Regression Coefficients for each Predictor in a Regression Model Predicting Worse Overall Sleep QualityNight-eating .032 .090**pDiscussionThis study aimed to determine whether disordered eating (NTE and BE) explains the relationship between PSQ and hBMI. The first hypothesis was generally supported by the results which indicated that PSQ and BE (but not NTE) were positively associated with hBMI. The second hypothesis was also mostly supported by the results which indicated that hBMI and NTE (but not BE) were positively associated with PSQ.First, the finding that there is a bidirectional relationship between hBMI and PSQ is in accordance with empirical research findings and meta-analyses which found that (a) sleeping less than seven hours, having trouble falling and/or staying asleep was positively associated with hBMI (b) obese individuals experience shorter sleep durations compared to non-obese individuals and (c) for every hour of sleep lost the risk of obesity increased by 80% (Cappuccio, et al., 2008 Gangwisch, Malaspina, Boden-Albala Heymsfield, 2005 Gupta, Mueller, Chan Meininger, 2002). Second, the finding that BE was associated with hBMI was in accordance with Yeh and Brown (2014) whose meta-analyses also found that BE was positively associated with hBMI. Third, the finding that NTE was associated with PSQ is consistent with those of Crispim, Zimberg, dos Reis, Tufik and de Mello (2011) who found that NTE was associated with PSQ. The findings that did not support the hypotheses of the st udy included NTE is associated with high BMI and BE is associated with PSQ. These findings are inconsistent with those of Andersen, Stunkard, Sorenson, Peterson and Heitmann (2004) who found that NTE was associated with weight gain in individuals with hBMI and Yeh and Brown (2014) whose meta-analyses found that BE is associated with PSQ.Overall, these findings mostly corroborate empirical findings and theories which claim that there is a bidirectional positive association between hBMI and PSQ, BE is positively associated with hBMI and NTE is positively associated with PSQ. However, it is possible that there are alternative explanations for the results of this study and /or potential confounds that might have influenced the results. The first terminus ad quem of the study is that the majority of the participants were females, well-educated and of a normal weight. Therefore, it is potentially difficult to generalize these findings to the mixed gendered populations, individuals with a nd less well-educated populations. Second, these findings are based on subjective self-reported measures of sleep quality, eating behaviour and BMI. This is potentially problematic because individuals might be inaccurate- due to not knowing the responses to particular questions or deliberately lying- in providing response. Lastly, internet access was required to participate in this study this is a limitation because it excludes individuals who cannot gain internet access easily and/or individuals who are not technologically knowledgeable.Overall, the results of this study implicate that individuals should strive to improve their eating and sleeping habits since they expect to affect each other and that NTE should be controlled because it is associated with PSQ. In light of the limitations of this study, future research could include mixed-gender samples (with equal amounts of male and female patticipants), using paper-based questionnaires and using objective measures of BMI, sleep quality and eating behaviour rather than subjective/self-report methods. Incorporating these suggestions could provide findings that are more easily generalizable to the general population and more accurate measures of the key variables in the study.In conclusion, this report investigated whether poor sleep quality and disordered eating (binge-eating and night-time eating) were associated with high BMI and whether high BMI and disordered eating were associated with higher scores of poor sleep quality. The findings indicate that poor sleep quality and binge-eating (but not night-time eating) were positively associated with high BMI and high BMI and night-time eating (but not binge-eating) were positively associated with overall poor sleep quality. These findings provide useful implications for future research and for individuals health behaviours.

The Advantures Of Huck. Fin :: essays research papers

Books are known for teaching lessons. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satirically presents the situation of how people of dissimilar color were treated unjustly, while at the similar time amusing his readers.Isnt it ironic that the fictitious character that grows on you roughly is Jim, the black runaway slave, who ships company looks down upon most during the time period of this nurse? Jim is treated poorly as a slave and as a somebody. For one, he is separated from his parents and children amongst opposite slave owners. On top of this, he is well-nigh to be sold for $800 to a nonher owner even more far away from his family, which leads to his escape. Despite these situations, he ashes a loyal, loving, father-like figure, and most importantly, he remains a great friend to Huckleberry.Society, even today, often puts children down by saying that they do not contain values. Well, Huck closes the door to this statement. Whenever Huck is challenged to shake off a decision on im pact concerning the safety of Jim, such as the incident when the men are looking for blacks, his heart always seems to pilot him to the advocate of Jims benefit, even though almost all of the rest of society would object to his decisions during this period of time. You burn down also see Hucks wo and sorrow for the fact that Jim has to buy his family back in order to see them again. This absolutely breaks Hucks heart.Back in the 1800s, blacks were considered property, and whites were always the superior race. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain purposely makes Jim the best character in the book, in that he is the most compassionate, caring, and most appreciated by Huck, the main character in the book. At the same time he makes Pap, the white dead-beat father of Huck, the most detested, disrespected, low down character of this book. Twain causes his readers to contemplate of how foolish it is that a person can be judged on his outside appearance, rather than who the individual is on t he inside.The Advantures Of Huck. Fin essays research written document Books are known for teaching lessons. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satirically presents the situation of how people of different color were treated unjustly, while at the same time amusing his readers.Isnt it ironic that the character that grows on you most is Jim, the black runaway slave, who society looks down upon most during the time period of this book? Jim is treated poorly as a slave and as a person. For one, he is separated from his parents and children amongst different slave owners. On top of this, he is about to be sold for $800 to another owner even more far away from his family, which leads to his escape. Despite these situations, he remains a loyal, loving, father-like figure, and most importantly, he remains a great friend to Huckleberry.Society, even today, often puts children down by saying that they do not contain values. Well, Huck closes the door to this statement. Whenever Huck is chall enged to make a decision on impact concerning the safety of Jim, such as the incident when the men are looking for blacks, his heart always seems to pilot him to the direction of Jims benefit, even though almost all of the rest of society would object to his decisions during this period of time. You can also see Hucks distress and sorrow for the fact that Jim has to buy his family back in order to see them again. This absolutely breaks Hucks heart.Back in the 1800s, blacks were considered property, and whites were always the superior race. In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain purposely makes Jim the best character in the book, in that he is the most compassionate, caring, and most appreciated by Huck, the main character in the book. At the same time he makes Pap, the white dead-beat father of Huck, the most detested, disrespected, low down character of this book. Twain causes his readers to contemplate of how foolish it is that a person can be judged on his outside appearance, rather tha n who the individual is on the inside.

George Orwell, Book Jacket :: essays research papers

Eric Arthur Blair, known as George Orwell, was born in 1903 get along Nepal in the Indian crossroads Moithari. "This is exactly what he essay to do he tried to change himself from Eric Blair, old Etonian and English colonial policemen, into George Orwell, classless antiauthoritarian." (www.k-1.com) His ii most famous earn were Animal Farm(1943) and 1984(1946). Other books he has written have been Why I Write, Road to Wigan Pier, Down and Out(which was almost destroyed), Burmese Days, The Clergymans Daughter, homage to Catalonia, and Coming up for Air. In 1944 George Orwell and his then wife, Elieen O Shaughnessy, pick out a child. A year after hi wife died during an operation. In 1946, the same year he wrote 1984 and was also rattling ill, he married Sonia Bronwell. He says 1984 was so gloomy because of his illness. He died in January 1950 on the island of Jura off the Scottish Coast.Eric Arthur Blair, known as George Orwell, was born in 1903 near Nepal in the Indian Village Moithari. "This is exactly what he tried to do he tried to change himself from Eric Blair, old Etonian and English colonial policemen, into George Orwell, classless antiauthoritarian." (www.k-1.com) His two most famous work were Animal Farm(1943) and 1984(1946). Other books he has written have been Why I Write, Road to Wigan Pier, Down and Out(which was almost destroyed), Burmese Days, The Clergymans Daughter, Homage to Catalonia, and Coming up for Air. In 1944 George Orwell and his then wife, Elieen O Shaughnessy, adopted a child. A year after hi wife died during an operation. In 1946, the same year he wrote 1984 and was also very ill, he married Sonia Bronwell. He says 1984 was so gloomy because of his illness. He died in January 1950 on the island of Jura off the Scottish Coast.Eric Arthur Blair, known as George Orwell, was born in 1903 near Nepal in the Indian Village Moithari. "This is exactly what he tried to do he tried to change himself from Eric Blair, old Etonian and English colonial policemen, into George Orwell, classless antiauthoritarian." (www.k-1.com) His two most famous work were Animal Farm(1943) and 1984(1946). Other books he has written have been Why I Write, Road to Wigan Pier, Down and Out(which was almost destroyed), Burmese Days, The Clergymans Daughter, Homage to Catalonia, and Coming up for Air.